Online casino maths, made visible

Chance, with the workings shown.

Explore the mathematics behind online casino games. Change an assumption in the tools, then inspect the model and its limits.

ProbabilityIndependent trialsModel assumptions

An abstract probability study, not observed game results or a forecast.

Independent trials1 − (1 − p)ⁿProbability of at least one occurrence

Explore the subject

At least one: the probability lab

Probability per trial (%)Independent trials

Educational model: a constant probability and independent trials. No real-money play.

3 articles

Probability notebook

The complement rule explains repeated chances without giving the next event a memory.

Reading the maths

Expected value describes a mathematical average. It does not describe the money a particular person will finish with.

Probability field guide

Separate the chance of an event, the expected count and the value of a payout, with worked examples and an offline probability worksheet.